An overview of the relationship between actions and ethical theory is represented in the hierarchical chart below. The significance of the hierarchy is to convey that our actions should be guided by the theories of ethics to which we subscribe. The principles and rules of ethics serve to define theories in greater detail by providing successively more specific instances in which theories might be applied.

In the process of resolving ethical dilemmas it is often useful to analyze situations from the perspective of higher steps on the hierarchy. In other words, scrutinize actions in light of overriding ethical rules, principles and theories upon which they are predicated.

Ethical Theories	-	Provides a framework for principles; considers the systematic relationship between principles and rules
Principles	-	Serves as the foundation for rules; guides ethically appropriate actions
Rules	-	States that certain actions are "forbidden" because they are wrong
Judgments and Actions	-	A decision or conclusion about an action

In healthcare ethics in general, the principles of
Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Justice
are commonly discussed.

Autonomy deals with the right of a patient to self-determination; the individual decides his or her course of action by making decisions regarding their own care. A person has the right to choose a plan of action and is not encumbered by the control or influence of other people, institutions or personal limitations. They must be fully and truthfully informed, and have the capability to make an informed choice. Some patients, for example those who are neurologically impaired, may not be fully competent to understand issues or make decisions, may be considered as having diminished competency. A basic construct is for the patient to be able to make informed decisions based upon complete and creditable information.

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence are complementary and interwoven concepts. Beneficence refers to directing actions to "do good" or actively benefiting a patient. It implies that positive steps in preventing harm or removing harmful conditions are evident, thus contributing to his or her welfare. Nonmaleficence refers to "not doing harm"; we are committed to not inflicting harm, either intentionally harm or the risk of harm.

Justice deals with simplifying and giving order to diverse rules and judgments. While there are several perspectives from which justice may be viewed, it is often discussed in terms of "fairness" to all in access to services in light of limited resources.

Additionally, the principles of Veracity, Confidentiality, and Fidelity are viewed as primary considerations in the patient-professional relationship. These considerations are often considered as the professional's "obligations" to the client. Together, these principles (particularly veracity) are based out of respect for the client and feeds the trust between the professional and patient. The necessity to be truthful relates to fidelity. The expectation that information shared by and gathered about the client will remain private remains paramount.